Visit the web site at or get support at the web site of YACReader for computers at - YACReader for computer is FREE and is available for all major computer platforms.įind other users and help at: http:- Facebook page -, Twitter - or the YouTube channel. The best feature YACReader has to offer is its customer support, if you have any questions don't hesitate to contact me. Now, you can also enjoy YACReader on your iOS device. YACReader for desktops has been downloaded more than 1 million times since 2009, every update counts with hundreds of thousand downloads. YACReader is kept updated to support the latest iOS features, such as Widgets, Dark Mode or Split Screen. It will also create a few reading lists for each library in YACReader that attempt to mimic the Recently Added. This is a two sync so changes in Komga will be carried over to YACReader and vice versa. Some file system matching needs to be used for Yacreader lookups How to use Edit progress.php (Update Komga URL, username, password, base path and edit the folder mapping and komga library ids) Install Composer ( Run composer install Run the script php -f progress. This is a feature continuously developed thanks to all the feedback coming from the users. This PHP script will edit the YACReader SQLite databases directly and use the Komga API to sync reading progress between the two applications. It also includes settings to personalize the experience. YACReader offers guided reading, you can zoom in any panel and then continue reading panel by panel from there. Configure your reading experience with various fit modes, single or double page mode, continuous scroll, automatic margins trimming, several ways to setup the hot areas in the screen and more. Do you like Manga? YACReader supports Manga mode for reading right to left and it also support continuous vertical scroll for webtoon. Enjoy reading comics and do not worry about anything else. Using a tap gesture is all you need to read your comics from start to finish thanks to the built-in YACReader automatic scroll. YACReader has the easiest method for selecting multiple comics and folders and organize them. Organize your comic library creating folders and copy, cut, paste or delete comics and folders. Import comics from any place in your device thanks to the integration with Document Picker. You can also browse, import ,remote read (stream) and sync back the digital comic collections stored in your computer using the desktop version of YACReader (totally free)*. YACReader supports iTunes/Finder File Sharing to copy comics between your computer and YACReader. You can use your Dropbox, Google Drive, Box and OneDrive account for synchronizing your comics with YACReader. Importing your comics into your iPad or iPhone has never been easier. YACReader supports all the common digital comic formats, such as: cbz, cbr, zip, rar, rar5 or pdf. YACReader offers you the best way to read and manage your digital comics and mangas. Find other users and help at: http: - Facebook page -, Twitter - or the YouTube channel. Visit the web site at or get support at Visit the web site of YACReader for computers at - YACReader for computer is FREE and is available for all major computer platforms. Now, you can also enjoy YACReader in your iOS device. YACReader offers you the best way to read and manage your digital comics and mangas. Several thousand users manage and read their comics using YACReader in their computers since 2009. A single tap is all you need to read your comics from start to finish thanks to the built-in YACReader automatic scroll. You can also browse, import, remote read and sync back the digital comic collections stored in your computer using the desktop version of YACReader (totally free). YACReader supports iTunes File Sharing to copy comics between your computer and YACReader. Importing your comics into your iPad, iPhone or iPod Touch has never been easier. YACReader supports all the common digital comic formats, such as: cbz, cbr, zip, rar or pdf. Enjoy your collections of digital comics anywhere. YACReader offers you the best way to read and manage your digital comics.
0 Comments
When a military installation or Government - related facility(whether or not specifically named) is located partially within more than one city or county boundary, the applicable per diem rate for the entire installation or facility is the higher of the rates which apply to the cities and / or counties, even though part(s) of such activities may be located outside the defined per diem locality. LIVE POULTRY DEALER, LIVESTOCK DEALER, LOCKSMITH, MAJOR CONTRACTOR, MANAGING ITINERANT VENDOR, MANUFACTURER OF DRUGS, COSMETICS, & MEDICAL DEVICES. LOCKSMITH DC We provide all of your locksmith needs. Per diem localities with county definitions shall include "all locations within, or entirely surrounded by, the corporate limits of the key city as well as the boundaries of the listed counties, including independent entities located within the boundaries of the key city and the listed counties (unless otherwise listed separately)." Mr Locksmith DC Founded 2008 With Angi since June 2014 4.5 (2) Verified Reviews Business Details Phone Number Show phone number Address 1250 Connecticut Ave NW Washington, DC 20036 Description At Mr. Unless otherwise specified, the per diem locality is defined as "all locations within, or entirely surrounded by, the corporate limits of the key city, including independent entities located within those boundaries." Traveler reimbursement is based on the location of the work activities and not the accommodations, unless lodging is not available at the work activity, then the agency may authorize the rate where lodging is obtained. If you need emergency locksmith service, our technicians will provide emergency service to you. Washington, District of Columbia area prices were up 1.3% from a year ago View the Cost of Living in Washington, District of Columbiaįield repairs, Lock and Key Maintenance, Install Security Devices, Customer Service. When you need a locksmith in DC, call DC Mobile Locksmith (202) 559-7070. At Speedy Locksmith DC we are ready 24/7, 365 days a year. Due to the District of Columbia retrocession, the city has a total area. is located in the mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. See user submitted job responsibilities for Locksmith.Ībout Washington, District of Columbia Washington, D.C. We can help you with installation and repair of Digital and High security locks,Commercial Hardware or Keyless entry. View full job descriptionĮmployers: Job Description Management Tool Visit our website: Or call us today (202) 567-7531 read our Google reviews in the following link: read our reviews on yelp. LOCKSMITH in Washington DC Offer The following Locksmith Services: Our specialties include 24 Hour Emergency Lockout service, Door Installations, Locks re keyed, and repairing of any Door Locks. To be a Locksmith typically requires 3-5 years of related experience, or may need 2 years experience with additional specialized training and/or certification. Has gained proficiency in multiple competencies relevant to the job. Locksmiths in todays day and age are qualified to take on. The Locksmith works independently within established procedures associated with the specific job function. We are DCS Trusted locksmith company with a perfect five stars rating on Yelp - with over 250 five stars reviews. Nowadays you can hire a locksmith for more than just simple lock installations and repairs. Typically requires a high school diploma. 232 reviews 1250 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington, DC 20036. Call 20 for fast and cheap locksmith service. The Best 10 Keys & Locksmiths near me in Washington, District of Columbia Mr. Additionally, Locksmith maintains a thorough records of changes and additions to an organization's key systems. Our locksmiths directed from E St NW, Washington DC 20004 through the entire Washington DC area. May design new key or lock systems for an organization. Being a Locksmith may install or maintain emergency exit systems and electronic access equipment and devices. Police said the woman who was hit by COVID update: DC Locksmith has. Duplicates keys and replaces and re-keys locks as necessary. ( doing business as DC) is an American comic book publisher. Locksmith is responsible for the maintenance, installation, repair, and troubleshooting of locks and keys. Washington DC Locksmith is the leading provider of professional locksmith services in Washington, DC and the DC Metro area. We hope that the development of AMOVA for autopolyploids will help to narrow the gap in availability of statistical tools for diploids and polyploids. The problem of missing dosage information cannot be taken into account directly into the analysis, but can be remedied effectively by imputation of the allele frequencies. We tested the method using data simulated under a hierarchical island model: the results of the analyses of the simulated data closely matched the values derived from theoretical expectations. The ρ-statistic is well suited for polyploid data since its expected value is independent of the ploidy level, the rate of double reduction, the frequency of polysomic inheritance, and the mating system. The ρ-statistic can be calculated in an AMOVA by first calculating a matrix of squared Euclidean distances for all pairs of individuals, based on the within-individual allele frequencies. In addition, we show how AMOVA can be used to estimate the summary statistic ρ, which was developed especially for polyploid data, but unfortunately has seen very little use. The method can be applied to a dataset containing a single ploidy level, but also to datasets with a mixture of ploidy levels. We show how this can be done by adjusting the equations for calculating the Sums of Squares, degrees of freedom and covariance components. In this paper, we show how the Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) framework can be extended to include autopolyploid data, which will allow calculating several genetic summary statistics for estimating the strength of genetic differentiation among autopolyploid populations ( F ST, φ ST, or R ST). Also many statistical tools for the analysis of genetic data, such as AMOVA and genome scans, are available only for haploids and diploids. 2Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkĪutopolyploids present several challenges to researchers studying population genetics, since almost all population genetics theory, and the expectations derived from this theory, has been developed for haploids and diploids. 1Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Paste all except borders: Pastes everything except cell borders.Paste format only: This option is identical to using the paint format tool - it only copies cell formatting, and won't change existing text or formulas.Paste values only: Pastes only the text from the original range of cells.Copy the data you want to paste and put your cursor in the cell you want to paste into.On your computer, open a spreadsheet in Google Sheets.You can't copy cells from one spreadsheet and use paste special in a spreadsheet open in another tab. Paste special works only within a single spreadsheet. How to copy and paste Text Faces on ?Ĭlick on any Kaomoji Face which you want to copy.Then it is copied to your clipboard.Now you can paste Face Emoticon anywhere you want.You can use paste special to decide which formatting gets copied when copying cells. The availability and appearance of text faces may vary depending on the device or application you are using. Some text faces may be specific to certain cultures or regions, while others are more widely used. There are many other text faces available, and new ones are being added all the time. There are many different types of text faces, also known as "emoji", that can be used to express emotions or ideas in electronic communication. What are the different types of text faces Some text faces may not be supported, or they may appear differently on different devices. Keep in mind that the appearance and support of text faces may vary depending on the device or application you are using. You can then copy and paste the resulting text into your message or post. To create ASCII art, you can use a text editor or ASCII art generator tool to design your image using a grid of ASCII characters. ASCII art can be used to create a wide range of images, including text faces and other symbols. Ou can also create text faces using ASCII art, which is a technique for creating images using only ASCII characters (letters, numbers, and symbols). To create your own text faces, you can use a combination of keyboard characters and punctuation marks to create facial expressions and other symbols. Overall, text faces can be used in any context where you want to add personality or emotion to your text-based communication. Instant messaging: You can use text faces in instant messaging applications, such as Skype, to add emotion to your conversations. Online forums and discussion boards: Text faces can be used in online forums and discussion boards to add personality and emotion to your posts and responses.ĥ. Email: You can use text faces in emails to add a personal touch to your messages.Ĥ. You can use text faces in your posts, comments, and private messages on these platforms.ģ. Social media: Many social media platforms, such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram, support the use of text faces. Text messages: You can use text faces in text messages or chat conversations to add emotion or personality to your messages.Ģ. Text faces can be used in any context where text-based communication is used. These lenny face text used on different social media platform like Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, Twitter, etc.it is also known by different names in other countries like Lenny faces, Kawaii faces, Kaomoji faces, etc. These Text Faces are used to express our emotions or feeling to someone by using these text with emojis. Text Face ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°) is a text symbol created with using different unicode characters and different emojis with text. There are many different text faces available, and they can be used to add personality and emotion to text-based communication. Some examples of text faces include :-) (smiling face), :-( (sad face), and -) (winking face). They are often used in text messages, on social media platforms, and in other forms of online communication. Text faces, also known as "emoji", are small images or symbols that can be used to express emotions or ideas in electronic communication. This will create two partitions: the main MyVolume and a second called EFI which is used as a boot partition where your firmware will check for boot files. We'll want to use macOS Extended (HFS+) with a GUID partition map. Now we'll be formatting the USB to prep for both the macOS installer and OpenCore. This method allows you to download much older versions of OS X, currently supporting all Intel versions of OS X(10.4 to current) If you want to check the integrity of your download, you can check this repository of checksums (opens new window), although do note that these are crowdsourced checksums and may not be a reliable way to check for authenticity.
While simple hand mirrors are used worldwide, advances in technology have brought us an upgrade. However, double-sided mirrors are more prone to breaking or shattering as they are exposed from both sides, making them less durable than a single-sided mirror. While single-sided mirrors do manage to get the job done, double-sided mirrors can be integrated with a magnifying glass for beauticians who like to peek into the depths of their faces. In the hand mirror industry, there are either single or double-sided mirrors. For hand mirrors, you should ideally pick out handles with ergonomic designs and gripping finishes along with a suitable length. Moreover, a shorter handle can be a nuisance for people with large hands as they would end up smudging the mirror with their hands. Hand mirrors are meant to be carried around, thus the handle shouldn’t be long enough to limit the mirror’s portability. The handle of your hand mirror plays quite an important role when it comes to comfortability and convenience. You should always opt for a strong and well-built frame that is bulged out in order to prevent the glass of the hand mirror from shattering under rough use. A weak or cheap plastic frame is most likely to crack or break under pressure, which would ultimately shatter your glass and may hurt you. The quality of a mirror can be judged by the frame that holds it. Generally, a 5-inch hand mirror is considered to be medium-sized and any mirror larger than that is considered acceptable in the fashion industry. A hand mirror shouldn’t be so small that you’re unable to view yourself, nor be too large for it to become a hassle to carry. When it comes to mirrors, size always matters. What Makes a Good Hand Mirror? Size of the glass To save you from trouble, we’ve listed some important considerations below to help you choose. However, picking the right hand mirror out of the lot is not always an easy task. Hand mirrors are available in an assortment of different sizes, shapes, and handles. Search Hollywood Life Search Trending Navigation Trending Latest Hollywood Celebrity & Entertainment News Primary Menu Menu Close Menu Show actually started off pretty decently in how it managed to give us movement on the Barcode Murder cases and allowing the characters and their relationships room for development, all while keeping the show light. Like, how does Cho Rim expect Moo Gak to be kept in the dark about her involvement while he’s being brought back on the case, when she herself is the central witness to the case?Īnd how about that time in the same episode, when Cho Rim gets the text from her dad (Jung In Ki) to go pick him up, which gives his location as Jae Hee’s (Nam Goong Min) address? Surely Cho Rim would recognize the address, having been to the house multiple times before?Īnd failing that, when she arrives at the house, surely she would know it’s Jae Hee’s house, and then SURELY she would wonder what on earth Dad is doing there? Especially since Lieutenant Yeom has by this point told her how she’s suspicious of Jae Hee? Or how about the time in episode 11, when Cho Rim wants to regain her memories to catch the murderer, and asks Lieutenant Yeom (Yoon Jin Seo) to keep everything from Moo Gak, WHILE requesting that Lt. From the murderer pulling a knife on Cho Rim in broad daylight, to Moo Gak knowing exactly where to find her even though her text gave no location, AND she was still on the run. Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Azerbaijan Republic, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde Islands, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Fiji, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon Republic, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guernsey, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, Iraq, Ireland, Jamaica, Jersey, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Macau, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Qatar, Republic of Croatia, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts-Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Swaziland, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vatican City State, Venezuela, Virgin Islands (U.S.Shout-out, too, to that entire chase sequence involving Cho Rim and the murderer in the same episode. It’s a wonderful blend of modernistic melodies and classical (and ethnic) orchestrations, that probably owes a bit to composers like Joe Hisaishi (and maybe even John Powell). There are moments where it sounds ‘familiar’ and yet it has a personality all of its own. Gareth Coker’s “Ori and the Blind Forest” is a magnificent piece of work. The score comes to a fantastic end with “Light of Nibel”, another easy highlight, where Coker somehow manages to take the main theme to a new level, with lively percussion, strings, piano and vocals. “Up the Spirit Caverns” offers plenty of bells, woodwinds and solo violin, evoking a pastoral sound akin to “A River Runs Through It”. “The Sacrifice”, “The Spirit Tree” and “The Waters Cleansed” are three phenomenal cues reprising the various themes in all their glory. “Mount Horu” is a dramatic and atmospheric cue, with “Titanic”-like vocals and harmonic shifts appearing towards the end (I have to say, this did confuse me somewhat). “Lost in the Misty Woods” is an intriguing cue with mysterious chord progressions and instrumentation. The metallic mallets of “Kuro’s Tale II” or indeed opener “Ori Lost in the Storm” may remind of Hans Zimmer’s “Beyond Rangoon” (not that he has a patent on using those instruments, of course). Other tracks like “Gumo’s Hideout”, “Inspiriting” offer beautiful, forest-like soundscapes through their use of flute, occasional vocals, wooden mallets, bells and other light metallic sounds. “Fleeing Kuro” ups the ante with stronger percussion and a very infectious melody. And I would imagine fans of studio Ghibli’s scores to enjoy Coker’s work for “Ori”.Ĭues like “Escaping the Ruins”, “Finding Sein”, “Restoring the Light, Facing the Dark” are exciting, fast-paced tracks for strings, percussion, piano, winds and vocals. And to avoid misunderstandings: I really like it! It reminds me a little of Joe Hisaishi, who also has a knack for coming up with these modern, catchy melodies, whilst retaining a fully orchestral setting. Again, it has a certain ‘pop’ directness, despite the orchestral arrangement. Wooden mallets and a string ostinato lend a whole new character to the main theme when it appears in “Climbing the Ginso Tree”, whilst Indian flute and percussion recur in “Completing the Circle”, alongside another piano theme. Elsewhere “Riding the Wind” makes beautiful use of Indian flute and percussion against warm strings whilst “The Crumbling Path” offers a new dramatic take on a secondary theme. In fact, the score shows quite a few ‘Eastern’ influences, without actually sounding Eastern. “Calling Out” offers a secondary piano theme (similar, but different to the first), and also introduces an Indian flute – a wonderful, fitting sound that is to return several times throughout the score. There are quite a few of them here – tracks that are just perfect all on their own. “Naru, Embracing the Light” is a playful, and at times soaring, cue for piano and flute that really opens this score up and is one of many tracks that feel like complete entities in their own right. It’s reprised numerous times, in all sort of variations, throughout the score. It’s a lovely melody, in a ‘gentle pop song’ sort of a way. Opening with “Ori Lost in the Storm”, Coker present his main theme on piano, accompanied by Aeralie Brighton’s atmospheric wordless vocals. Flutes and wordless vocals often take the lead but one of the most prevailing instruments here is the piano (…and that’s alongside a full-sized orchestra). There is a strong presence from light metallic mallets, providing a shimmering atmosphere, as well as wooden mallets for that earthy sound. One of the first things that spring to mind about “Ori and the Blind Forest” is how light and airy and how colourful it is. We tried to create memorable characters in an atmospheric world and to craft a story that players will truly care about! The soundtrack is by British composer Gareth Coker featuring solo artists Aeralie Brighton, Rachel Mellis, and Tom Boyd, and performed by the Nashville Music Scoring Orchestra. The player is put into the role of a forest spirit, who – over the course of his journey – has to find out more about his role within the world he’s living in. In the words of developers Moon Studios: Ori is a bit of a coming-of-age story. WINNER– 2015 Synchrotones’ Soundtrack Awards “Ori and the Blind Forest” is a great example. Games so often offer the scope and the inspiration for wonderful music. Gareth Coker, 2015, Microsoft Studios Music Armor thickness and wood types affect strength of the hull and cannonballs will ricochet from the hulls at extreme angles.Ĭustomization – Choose economy and battle perks as you progress through higher ranks. Shot can pass through the balcony, ricochet of the gun, hit a crew member and then fly out of the gunport splashing into the water. Damage is positional: hit the gun and you might destroy it. Leaks, structural damage, torn sails, demasting, raking, fires, explosions and all other hazards that were possible in that era. Heel and wind affects the shooting distance and will require a change in tactics.ĭamage model – Every cannonball is tracked in the air and after it hits the target. Mortar vessels can destroy fortifications, though they may require an escort.Įach gun has realistic ballistics and penetration performance based on historical gun charts and admiralty tests. Fort and land batteries will provide you with support during battles near shores. Gunnery and weapons – Major types of naval artillery are implemented: from long guns to mortars to carronades and obusiers. Correct tacking, boxhauling, clubhauling and other elements of realistic sailing will help you win battles in most adverse conditions. Yard angles, ship angle to wind, fittings and ship condition affects speeds and turning rates. Realistic sailing – Advanced wind and physics model provides for realistic portrayal of ship’s performance in the age of sail. Shipbuilding and manufacturing - Build ships, upgrades and cannons, supply your clans or your nation or set up shops in free towns to sell to your enemies. Use shallow waters at your advantage to escape from larger ships. Board ships and sell them and their cargo at nearby ports. Trading and privateering – Buy trading goods at low prices, haul them to distant places for high profits. Deliver cargo or passengers, hunt specific ships, join patrol zones battles and sink as many ships as you can. Passing the final naval combat exam grants you the rank of Master and Commander, together with a frigate and other rewards to start your adventures in the West Indies.Īdmiralty missions – Accomplish missions for your Admiralty to earn doubloons, combat medals and reward chests. Tutorials – In-game tutorials and exams help you to grasp the basics and the subtleties of gunnery and maneuvering. When fighting in Naval action you can be sure you are only facing skills and ship fittings. Yes - you have heard it right: there is a special server that calculates and replicates waves to all users in battle. Every battle action is calculated on the servers, even water and wave shapes. Naval Action is one of the few games where hacking is made impossible by design. We are very proud to say that we have succeeded. From the start we have build the tech around one main goal - complete elimination of hacking from PVP. Broadside weight matters, but even a smaller vessel can overcome the superior enemy by focusing on the enemy weak spots. Just like in boxing you have to get close and use all your tactical knowledge of wind, your ship to slug it out face to face. Invite other clans of your nation into your alliance.Īge of sail combat is a personal affair with no dirty tricks, corner camping, or hiding in bushes: you see the enemy from 20km and so do they. Invest to turn your controlled ports into industrial hubs, shipbuilding arsenals or fortified harbours. Open trading outposts and levy taxes in the ports governed by your clan. Build ships, trade, attack enemies of your nation almost everywhere and capture their ships. The game features 50+ ships from small cutters to large 100+ gun 1st rates allowing the player to experience every possible role of that era.Ĭonquest and PVP ActivitiesFight for the domination of the West Indies, recreated based on 18th Century maps and navigational charts. Accurate hull models, sail plans, guns, internal upgrades, historical speed trials were used in the creation of vessels. Naval action was named one of the best releases from early access in 2019 by Steam and Steam community.īeautiful ships – We have been painstakingly recreating the beautiful ships of the Age of sail period. No game has come closer to the replication of the Age of Sail sailing mechanics and combat. Naval Action is a hardcore, realistic, and beautifully detailed naval combat game immersing players into the experience of the most beautiful period of naval history - when sailing ships ruled the seas. Back Up Your Mac Before Enabling the TRIM Command This enables less write amplification and, as it doesn’t use up the precious P/E cycles, the SSD’s lifespan will be much longer. The TRIM command allows the operating system to inform the SSD about regions where the data marked for deletion are stored, and after trimming the SSD won’t preserve the contents of the block when it writes new data to a page. TRIM can be considered a more efficient way of handling “garbage” and was introduced shortly after SSDs became available. The same data (and metadata) ends up being written over and over again in our daily use of computers generating a phenomenon called write amplification, which uses up the limited P/E cycles. When data changes, it must be written again. Unlike traditional hard drives, data on SSDs can’t be directly overwritten. Each block contains a specified number of pages (from 32 to 256), which contain a specified amount of data (2 to 8KB). What represents a challenge is that with an SSD you can write on a page any time, but you can erase only one block at a time. SSDs contain memory cells organized into pages and blocks. Manufacturers address this issue with so-called wear leveling, which prevents SSD memory cells (the pages) from wearing out. Writing to an SSD is like writing on a piece of paper with a pencil: if you erase the same space too many times, it can wear out. There is one thing to note, though, and that is that there are a limited number of P/E cycles an SSD can support. Writing to an SSD is totally different than writing to a traditional hard drive: the SSD first clears existing information from the flash memory cells and programs new data into them hence, the writing process is often referred as program/erase cycles or P/E cycles. There is one tiny command line you must type into Terminal to enable a feature meant to expand the lifespan of the newly installed drive this feature is called TRIM. However, you shouldn’t stop at installing a new SSD. You’ll notice the huge performance improvement right from the first time you boot up and immediately praise yourself for making this investment. The best way to expand your Mac’s lifespan and obtain a significant speed boost is by replacing the hard drive with a solid state drive (SSD). |